Human papilloma virus (6 and 11); infects stratum basale. Make it grow out, thicken, and keratinize. Enlarged nucleus with perinuclear vacuolization: koilocytes.
Negri bodies -- Rabies.
Owl eyes -- CMV.
Cowdry type inclusions -- Herpesviruses.
Guarnieri bodies -- small pox.
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CCK -- stimulates blood flow to intestines after fatty meal, makes food stay in stomach longer, decreases gastrin (by promoting stomach antral secretion of somatostatin) and gastric acid, stimulates secretion from pancreas and gall bladder.
GIP -- at physiological dose, secretion of insulin; at pharmcological dose, inhibition of stomach acid secretion and gastric motility.
Secretin -- secretion of bicarb from pancreas and biliary ducts
Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide -- stimulates gut secretion of water and electrolytes; relaxes smooth muscle. Overall promotes gastric motility.
Common causes of otitis media, in descending order of probability: Strep pneumo (~30%), Haemophilus (~25%), Moraxella catarrhalis (15-20%).
Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome: triad of thombocytopenia, infections, and eczema (TIE). Associated with low IgM and high IgE, IgA. Due to defect in response to polysaccharide antigens due to cytoskeletal problems -- defective binding of T cells to B cells, progressive deletion of B and T cells. X-linked recessive.
Pre-eclampsia: pregnancy-induced hypertension, proteinuria, edema (+seizure = eclampsia)
HELLP: Hemolytic anemia, elevated liver enzymes, low platelet count.
HELLP: Hemolytic anemia, elevated liver enzymes, low platelet count.
Supraclavicular node -- Virchow's node. Enlarged left supraclavicular node a classic finding in gastric carcinoma.
The most common cause of chorioretinitis in infants is congenital toxoplasmosis, which is acquired by maternal exposure to cat litter. The classic triad of toxoplasmosis is chorioretinitis, hydrocephalus, and intracranial calcifications. Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular protozoan. It can be treated with the folate blocking combo, pyrimethamine and sulfadiazine.
Exemestane is an aromatase inhibitor. It blocks the androstenedione to estrone and testosterone to estradiol conversion in the granulosa cells of the ovary. Leuprolide is a GnRH analogue used in advanced prostate cancer.
Dumping syndrome is a complication of gastric bypass surgery. The food reaches the small intestine too quickly, the osmotic load draws water into the intestine, causing motility and diarrhea. The fluid loss and release of "vasoactive substances" also causes hypotension and reflex tachycardia and sympathetic activation. Treat by advising smaller meals higher in fat.
Pyridoxine (active form -- pyridoxal phosphate): transamination reactions (ALT, AST), decarboxylation reactions, glycogen phosphorylase, cystathionine synthesis, heme synthesis. Required for synthesis of niacin from tryptophan. Deficiency: Convulsions, irritability, peripheral neuropathy (deficiency can be induced by INH and oral contraceptives); also, can cause sideroblastic anemias.
Campylobacter jejuni: Think microaerophilic, grows BEST at 42c, comma-shaped organism with polar flagella (looks like Vibrio; also oxidase positive like Vibrio; unlike Vibrio, can cause bloody diarrhea in addition to watery). Usually get it fecal-orally by eating poultry, due to its zoonotic nature.
WAGR complex: Wilms tumor, Aniridia, Genitourinary malformation, mental Retardation. Wilms tumor usually presents as large abdominal mass at 2 years of age.
Glioblastoma multiforme: pseudopalisading necrosis, butterfly glioma, grave IV astrocytoma.
Seborrheic keratosis: usually dark like melanoma, histologically resembles both basal and squamous cells with basaloid apperance and pseudo-horn cysts. Can be "peeled" with dull side of scapel.
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