Chediak-Higashi: infection susceptibility, albinism.
Neural ectoderm: oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, epndymal cells.
Yersinia enterocolitica: pediatric diarrhea with blood and pus "mini epidemics;" mimics appendicitis, mesenteric lymphadenitis; Yersinia can grow at 4C, so common in cold climes.
Bordetella pertussis secretes 4 toxins: (1) Pertussis toxin -- in addition to causing the whooping cough, inactivates the inactivator of cAMP (Gi) resulting in lymphocytosis, increased insulin secretion (hypoglycemia), and increased sensitivity to histamine; (2) extracellular adenylate cyclase -- somehow weakens neutrophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes; (3) filamentous hemagglutinin -- better binding to ciliated epithelial cells; (4) tracheal cytotoxin -- kills ciliated epithelial cells.
Middle third of esophagus: contains both striated AND smooth muscle.
VIPoma: diarrhea due to excess Na, Cl secretion; lowered stomach acid secretion.
Drug-induced lupus: antihistone antibody. It's not HIPP to have lupus. Hydralazine, INH, Phenytoin, Procainamide.
Posterior mediastinum -- DATES: descending aorta, azygos and hemiazygos vein, thoracic duct, esophagus, sympathetic trunk.
Draining of colorectal cancer. Below the pectineal line: superficial inguinal. Above the pectineal line: internal iliac.
Cerebral aqueduct of Sylvius -- mesencephalon.
Steroids and thyroxine promote surfactant production. Insulin suppresses (maternal diabetes a risk factor for RDS).
Ionic effects on heart
Hyperkalemia: Tall T waves
Hypercalcemia: Shorter QT interval, almost absent ST; elevated BP, vomiting
Hypermagnesemia: Prolonged PR, QT; hypotension, respiratory depression; impaired Ach release (muscle weakness)
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