Metformin (a biguanide) and sulfonylureas (i.e. glipizide) are 1st line treatments for diabetes.
Japanese at higher risk for gastric carcinoma due to polycyclic hydrocarbons in their diet (smoked fish, etc).
Changes in sleep in elderly: less sleep, less REM percentage after 80, gradual decrease and disappearance on Stage 4, then Stage 3, sleep.
Low cortisol: nausea, vomiting, anorexia, fatigability, weakness, low blood pressure and orthostatic hypotension (due to decreased response to catecholamines).
You have to be 18 before you can decide to take yourself off the ventilator. A parent cannot decide to take someone off the ventilator, even if the child agrees.
How to see if respiratory acidosis is compensated. pH = 6.1 + log(bicarb/(0.03*PaCO2))
Viruses that can't complete life cycle without their own polymerase: all negative sense RNA, double stranded RNA (reovirus), dsDNA that replicates in cytoplasm (poxvirus), retroviruses.
Amyloid angiopathy can cause lobar hemorrhage encompassing entire hemisphere.
FSH, LH responsible for initial increase in estrogen. Above certain threshold, feedback inhibition switches and estrogen actually promotes more FSH, LH release. This promotes higher levels of estrogen. Also LH surge results in ovulation. Estrogen levels and increased before and during ovulation, and depressed right after. The corpus luteum results in second rise in estrogen.
Angiosarcoma: arsenic, vinyl chloride
Hepatocellular carcinoma: cirrhosis, hepatitis B
Liver cell adenoma: oral contraceptive use
Hypospadias: cryptorchidism, ascending urinary tract infections (secondary to urinary retention if narrow opening), sterility (ejaculation compromised)
Pemphigus vulgaris versus bullous pemphigoid. Pemphigus vulgaris: classically oral lesions first, positive Nikolsky sign (separation of epidermis from dermis on pressure), intraepidermal acantholysis (tombstoning). Bullous pemphigoid: not oral first though possible later, negative Nikolsky, subepidermal blisters.
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