QBank notes: 2/13/2010 [48]

UTI DDx: Gram negative rod -- E. coli, causes cystitis, can develop bacteremia and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Gram negative diplococci - Neisseria gonorrhea, can cause symptomatic urethritis most commonly in young, sexually active males; Moraxella catarrhalis, usually not UTI, but COPD exacerbation (along with H. influenza, Legionella pneumophila) as well as otitis media (along with H. influenza, S. pneumoniae). Gram positive cocci -- Staph saprophyticus -- UTI in young, sexually active women; Enterococcus - nosocomial patients with indwelling catheters, can be complicated by bacteremia and subacute endocarditis but not ARDS. Gram-positive diplococci - Strep pneumo, most common cause of community acquired pneumonia; not associated with UTI.

Left adrenal vein and left gonadal vein drain into left renal vein (think cross). Right adrenal vein and right gonadal vein drain directly into the inferior vena cava.

Latent (primary) TB is asymptomatic and lesions are in lower upper lobe or upper lower lobe as well as hilar node involvement. Active (re-infection) TB is symptomatic, with fever, night sweats, weight loss and cough, and lesions in the apex of the lung.

Niacin: positive effect on all blood lipids. Facial flushing, hyperglycemia, hyperuricemia. (Contrast red man syndrome, Vancomycin reaction).

Seizure pharm. Treat tonic-clonic (grand mal) seizures with phenytoin, valproic acid, and carbamazepine (1st line therapy). Treat absence seizures (petit mal) with ethosuximide (1st line) and valproic acid. Treat status epilepticus with benzos -- diazepam and lorazapem -- (1st line for acute) and phenytoin (1st line for prophylaxis). Valproic acid (everything but status epilepticus) and phenytoin (everything but absence) are the most versatile anticonvulsants. On the other end of the spectrum, ethosuximide is only used for absence seizures.

The great saphenous vein passes anterior to the medial malleolus at the ankle and posterior to the medial side of the knee. It then passes through the saphenous hiatus of the fascia lata to empty into the femoral vein slightly below the inguinal ligament.

Type I collagen in skin, bone, tendon, and most organs. Type II in cartilage, vitreous humor. Type III in skin, blood vessels, uterus. Type IV in basement membranes.

Anterior to tonsils: palatoglossus. Posterior: palatopharyngeus. Both are innervated by the vagus nerve.